![]() ![]() Recently, there has been better understanding of anti-TB drug-induced hepatotoxicity and its frequent confounding by viral hepatitis, especially, in resource-constrained settings and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in HIV-TB. However, drug toxicities and drug-drug interactions still constitute a significant challenge. While treatment of TB and HIV-TB co-infection has become simpler, efforts are on to shorten the treatment duration. Introduction of liquid culture, rapid drug-susceptibility testing (DST), molecular diagnostic methods has helped in rapid detection, speciation and DST profiling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. Availability of newer imaging modalities has allowed more efficient localization of lesions and use of image guided procedures has facilitated definitive diagnosis of extrapulmonary TB. Disseminated, miliary and cryptic TB are being increasingly recognized. Atypical clinical presentation still poses a challenge. ![]() ![]() Widespread occurrence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB (M/XDR-TB) is threatening to destabilize TB control globally. When TB elimination seemed possible in the early 1980s, global human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic resulted in a resurgence of TB. During 1944-1980, TB became treatable and short-course chemotherapy emerged as the standard of care. India is a high TB burden country contributing to 26 per cent of global TB burden. Globally, tuberculosis (TB) still remains a major public health problem. ![]()
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